Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis (354 - 430), better known as Saint Augustine, was born in what is nowadays called Souk Ahras in Algeria. He was of Berber origin. He was born into a middle-class family. As an educated young man, he moved around a lot, teaching and holding positions in Carthage, Rome, and Milan. Eventually, he was made Bishop of Hippo Regius, nowadays known as Annaba in Algeria.
He wrote many famous books which were very important to the establishment of Christianity. Along with Confessions, perhaps his most important work is City of God.
Augustine was interested in the questions why do people sin? Why does sin exist? The book Confessions is a kind of autobiography, the story of Augustine’s efforts to answer this question.
Early on in the book, Augustine describes an incident in which he and a gang of friends stole some pears. He describes the incident, not because it was a particularly bad sin (he did much worse!) but because there was no reason to do it - he just enjoyed doing it.
Yet I had a desire to commit robbery, and did so, compelled to it by neither hunger nor poverty, but through a contempt for well-doing and a strong impulse to iniquity. For I pilfered something which I already had in sufficient measure, and of much better quality. I did not desire to enjoy what I stole, but only the theft and the sin itself.
There was a pear tree close to our own vineyard, heavily laden with fruit, which was not tempting either for its colour or for its flavour. Late one night--having prolonged our games in the streets until then, as our bad habit was--a group of young scoundrels, and I among them, went to shake and rob this tree. We carried off a huge load of pears, not to eat ourselves, but to dump out to the hogs, after barely tasting some of them ourselves. Doing this pleased us all the more because it was forbidden. Such was my heart, O God, such was my heart--which thou didst pity even in that bottomless pit. Behold, now let my heart confess to thee what it was seeking there, when I was being gratuitously wanton, having no inducement to evil but the evil itself. It was foul, and I loved it. I loved my own undoing. I loved my error--not that for which I erred but the error itself. A depraved soul, falling away from security in thee to destruction in itself, seeking nothing from the shameful deed but shame itself.
—St Augustine, Confessions, Chapter 4Augustine wanted to understand why he and other people sinned at all. Especially if God is good, why would he create a world with evil in it? Early on in his life, to answer this question he turned to a version of Christianity called Manicheism.
Manichaeism was a religion created by a prophet from Parthia (modern-day Iran and Iraq) called Mani, and had an interesting explanation as to why sin existed. Mani taught that God was not alone, and that there was another great power, Satan. (Manichaeism was heavily influenced by the Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism which focuses on the powers of good verses evil.)
According to Manicheism, God is not all-powerful, s/he/it cannot do whatever s/he/it wants. God wants you to be good, but God needs your help. Your good soul is trapped within your earthly, evil body. This was an idea that was very similar to that of the Gnostics but also of some interpretations of Plato. Some Platonists, such as Plotinus, thought that the world of the senses, the bodily world, was something that we needed to escape. That heaven could only be achieved through one’s mind. Manicheism agreed. And every time parents have sex and conceive a new child, they are trapping another soul in a body.
However, when Augustine was about 29, he rejected this view.
Instead, Augustine thought that God must be perfect and all-powerful and there could be no real challenge to God as Manichaeism suggests. And since God was perfect, so must God’s creation be perfect.
For Augustine, evil wasn’t something else other than goodness, it was a lack of goodness.
Augustine argued that human beings do evil things because our evil acts have separated us from God. Every time we have sinned, we have lost some of our goodness.
…The cause of evil is the defection of the will of a being who is mutably good from the Good which is immutable….
—St Augustine, Confessions, Chapter 4The first such act was when Adam and Eve disobeyed God and ate from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. After that…
…there crept in, even without his willing it, ignorance of the right things to do and also an appetite for noxious things. And these brought along with them, as their companions, error and misery. When these two evils are felt to be imminent, the soul's motion in flight from them is called fear. Moreover, as the soul's appetites are satisfied by things harmful or at least inane--and as it fails to recognize the error of its ways--it falls victim to unwholesome pleasures or may even be exhilarated by vain joys. From these tainted springs of action--moved by the lash of appetite rather than a feeling of plenty--there flows out every kind of misery which is now the lot of rational natures.
—St Augustine, Confessions, Chapter 8And Augustine thought that this Original Sin was passed on from parent to child forever:
…and through his sin he subjected his descendants to the punishment of sin and damnation, for he had radically corrupted them, in himself, by his sinning. As a consequence of this, all those descended from him and his wife (who had prompted him to sin and who was condemned along with him at the same time)--all those born through sensual desire, on whom the same penalty is visited as for disobedience--all these entered into the inheritance of original sin.
—St Augustine, Confessions, Chapter 8But, Augustine thought, this did not mean that human beings were definitely going to sin because, he argued, despite the Original Sin of Adam and Eve, humanity did not…
…lose its appetite for blessedness. [God] endowed him with freedom of the will in order that he might rule him by rational command and deter him by the threat of death. He even placed him in the happiness of paradise in a sheltered nook of life [in umbra vitae] where, by being a good steward of righteousness, he would rise to better things.
—St Augustine, Confessions, Chapter 8What this means is that human beings, as well as having a desire to be bad, also had a desire to be good, to choose to be better. We have, Augustine thought, free will and this was both a blessing and a curse.
Why did Augustine steal the pears?
Explain Manichaeism’s explanation as to why sin exists.
Explain Augustine’s explanation as to why sin exists.
What do you think of Augustine’s explanation? Do you think that we are born bad? Are we born with a desire to do evil (as well as good)?